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Pure water is neutral in nature with pH 7. Due to the presence of dissolved minerals in rain water, the pH increases and becomes alkaline. Alkalinity in water is due to the presence of hydroxide (OH), carbonate (CO3) and bicarbonate
The estimation of water hardness as applied to boiler water and other water is great interest for the chemical industry in general.the determination of water hardness has always been an especially important factor in the manufacturing control of sugar industry,
Solid fuel refers to various forms of solid material that can be burnt to release energy, providing heat and light through the process of combustion. Here we will study about Coal as a solid fuel. The heat available from each type of fuel is
A venturimeter is a device used for measuring the rate of a flow of a fluid flowing through a pipe. It consists of three parts. A short converging part: It is that portion of the venturi where the fluid gets converges.
A Notch is regarded as an orifice with water level below its upper edge. Notch is made of a metallic plate and its use is to measure the discharge of liquids. These are used for measuring the flow of water
In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates, or rocks. The paste, composed of portland cement and water, coats the surface of the fine (small) and coarse (larger) aggregates. Through a chemical reaction called hydration, the
Concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates, or rocks. The paste, composed of portland cement and water, coats the surface of the fine (small) and coarse (larger) aggregates. Through a chemical reaction called hydration, the paste hardens and gains
The importance of concrete in modern society cannot be overestimated. Look around you and you will find concrete structures everywhere such as buildings, roads, bridges, and dams. There is no escaping the impact concrete makes on your everyday life. So
Coarse aggregates are particles greater than 4.75mm, but generally range between 9.5mm to 37.5mm in diameter. They can either be from Primary, Secondary or Recycled sources. Primary, or ‘virgin’, aggregates are either Land- or Marine-Won. Gravel is a coarse marine-won
Aggregate is a granular material obtained by processing natural materials. BS882 splits aggregate into coarse and fine elements, coarse being described as gravel or crushed rock and fine being described as sand.Aggregate consists of particles of a rock, of a