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Pure water is neutral in nature with pH 7. Due to the presence of dissolved minerals in rain water, the pH increases and becomes alkaline. Alkalinity in water is due to the presence of hydroxide (OH), carbonate (CO3) and bicarbonate
The estimation of water hardness as applied to boiler water and other water is great interest for the chemical industry in general.the determination of water hardness has always been an especially important factor in the manufacturing control of sugar industry,
Solid fuel refers to various forms of solid material that can be burnt to release energy, providing heat and light through the process of combustion. Here we will study about Coal as a solid fuel. The heat available from each type of fuel is
A venturimeter is a device used for measuring the rate of a flow of a fluid flowing through a pipe. It consists of three parts. A short converging part: It is that portion of the venturi where the fluid gets converges.
The Bernoulli Equation can be considered to be a statement of the conservation of energy principle appropriate for flowing fluids. The qualitative behavior that is usually labeled with the term “Bernoulli effect” is the lowering of fluid pressure in regions
An orifice meter is a conduit and a restriction to create a pressure drop. An hour glass is a form of orifice. A nozzle, venturi or thin sharp edged orifice can be used as the flow restriction. In order to
A Notch is regarded as an orifice with water level below its upper edge. Notch is made of a metallic plate and its use is to measure the discharge of liquids. These are used for measuring the flow of water
A Notch is regarded as an orifice with water level below its upper edge. Notch is made of a metallic plate and its use is to measure the discharge of liquids. These are used for measuring the flow of water
An operational amplifier (often op-amp or opamp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. In this configuration, an op-amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically hundreds of
In half-wave rectification of a single-phase supply, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, mean voltage is lower.